I don’t think that the transmitter in your phone has the wheaties to put out a radio signal that could be triangulated on from satellites 20,200km away.
A satellite phone probably does, but there’d be no point in designing a GPS device to do that. Even if the GPS satellites paid attention to the signal, which of course they don’t, they wouldn’t be able to tell where you are from it, only how far you are from the satellite. It works the other way because your device receives timed signals from multiple satellites, and calculates the difference between when each is received.